All Images

Introduction

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Figure 1

A conversation with the chatbot ELIZA
Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Figure 2

Diagram of the Turing test
Juan Alberto Sánchez Margallo, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons

Machine Learning - Teaching Computers from Data

Figure 1

Three dogs standing on a mounting block in some woodland

Figure 2

diagram showing inputs to a black box producing unexplainable outputs
Original: Krauss.Vector: Pduive23, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Deep Learning and Neural Networks

Figure 1

Neuron and myelinated axon, with signal flow from inputs at dendrites to outputs at axon terminals.
Egm4313.s12 at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Figure 2

Artificial neural network with layer coloring
A simplified diagram of an artificial neural network. Glosser.ca, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Large Language Models

Figure 1

A screenshot of the title, authors and abstract of the paper 'attention is all you need'

Figure 2

Bar plot showing the rapid increase in the computing used to train large language models. It also shows that the training cost of the best closed large language models seems much higher than the training cost of the best open-weight ones, leading to higher performance. The training cost of models like GPT-4 is not publicly known, so this is just an estimate. The data is from Epoch in 2023, and the chart is from Stanford University's 2024 AI index.
Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Figure 3

Screenshot of uploaded csv, chatGPT prompt, and generated plot

Figure 4

AI Overviews result for Joaquin Correa brother, 10 August 2025
AI Overviews, prompted by the query “Joaquin Correa brother” on 10 August 2025, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Figure 5

An example of a ChatGPT hallucination. When prompted to “summarize an article” with a fake URL that contains meaningful keywords as slug, even with no Internet connection, the chatbot generates a response that seems valid at first glance.
ChatGPT, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Figure 6

screenshot of the comparison between features of three GPT models

AI in Research

Figure 1

Google Data Center, The Dalles, Oregon
Google Data Center, The Dalles, Oregon by Visitor7, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Figure 2

Screenshot of the green algorithms calculator
The Green Algorithms Calculator

Figure 3

Screenshot of the electricity maps website showing the carbon intensity i.e. the grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt-hour (gCO2eq/kWh) measuring the greenhouse gas emissions from generating electricity
Electricity Maps Carbon Intensity (the grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt-hour (gCO2eq/kWh) measuring the greenhouse gas emissions from generating electricity)